This resource is designed to help you calculate how much dry matter your animals get from pasture and demonstrate that you have a plan to comply with the National Organic Program requirements for pasture for organic ruminant livestock.
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2022
Calculating Dry Matter Intake
from Pasture for Ruminants
Resource brought to you by Ohio Ecological Food and Farm Association (OEFFA) Certified Organic.
(2022). Calculating Dry Matter Intake from Pasture for Ruminants.
This resource is designed to help you calculate how much dry matter your animals get from
pasture and demonstrate that you have a plan to comply with the National Organic Program
requirements for pasture for organic ruminant livestock. Contact us with questions and
suggestions.
Contents
Directions: Seven Steps to Calculating Dry Matter Intake from Pasture
Dry Matter Demand Tables
Dry Matter Content of Feedstuffs Table
Example: OTCO Dry Matter Intake Calculation Worksheet for Organic Ruminant
Livestock
Blank forms: OTCO Dry Matter Intake Calculation Worksheet for Organic
Ruminant Livestock
Blank form: NOP Grazing Record
Resources
Page 2
Page 7
Page 8
Page 9
Page 10
Page 13
Page 14
Terms & Abbreviations Guide
Dry Matter (DM)
Dry Matter Intake (DMI)
Dry Matter Demand (DMD)
DM Fed
Total DM Fed
The non-water content of a feedstuff.
The amount of dry matter each animal gets from pasture or feed.
The amount of dry matter each animal needs to eat.
The amount of dry matter each animal gets from a feedstuff.
The amount of dry matter each animal gets from all non-pasture feed
combined.
1
Seven Steps to Calculate Dry Matter Intake from Pasture
Organic farmers must provide all ruminants with an average of at least 30% dry matter
intake (DMI) from pasture during the grazing season. Ruminants (types of animals that bring
up their food to chew again as cud) include cattle, sheep, and goats. The grazing season is
defined, in part, by the USDA organic regulations as “…the period of time when pasture is available
for grazing, due to natural precipitation or irrigation.” According to NOP §205.237(c)(1) producers
must provide not more than an average of 70% of a ruminant’s dry matter demand as nonpasture feed during this time. Additionally, the standards require ruminant animals to be
grazed throughout the entire grazing season for the geographical region, which cannot be less
than 120 days.
For OTCO to verify that farms with ruminants comply with these standards, we ask
each producer to provide information about their grazing season, grazing practices, pasture
management, and feed rations in their Organic System Plan (OSP). Since rations and pasture
conditions change over time, we also ask producers to create and maintain calculations and
other records to show that ruminants receive at least 30% DMI from pasture over the course of
the grazing season.
Some producers may allow livestock to graze 100% of their diet from pasture for all or
portions of the grazing season. Records for this type of operation are simple. Grazing season
dates are in the OSP and a statement that the animals receive 100% of their feed from pasture
on the OTCO Dry Matter Intake Worksheet for Organic Ruminant Livestock suffice. If an
operation feeds any grain, hay, silage, or other feedstuffs during the grazing season, more
detailed calculations are necessary to show compliance.
The OTCO DMI Worksheet is a tool to produce accurate and reliable DMI numbers. We
recommend that you use it to calculate DMI. However, any document containing equivalent
information will be accepted. Remember that accurate DMI calculations will be conducted by the
inspector at each Mandatory inspection and will be based on ‘actual’ as-fed records; whereas these DMI
worksheets you are asked to submit are your ‘plan’ to show compliance to the pasture rule.
Overview to Calculating DMI from Pasture:
If producers do not already have a system for calculating DMI, we recommend starting with
the “subtraction method.” This method is described in the seven steps below:
1. Determine how many different feeding groups you have.
2. Determine the Dry Matter Demand (DMD) for each feeding group.
3. Determine the length of the grazing season, the number of times rations change during
the grazing season, and the dates each ration is fed.
4. Calculate the Dry Matter (DM) in each ration and then the total DM from non-pasture
feed during the grazing season.
5. Determine the amount of DMI from pasture by subtracting DM fed from DMD.
6. Calculate the percentage of DMI from pasture by dividing the DMI from pasture by the
DMD.
7. Calculate the average DMI from pasture over the entire grazing season using weighted
ration values.
The following pages contain a more detailed explanation of each step. Sentences in italics are
directions for filling in the tables (pages 10-12) with information about your operation.
2
Step 1. Categorize animals by feeding group
Create groups of animals that eat the same ration (often they will share a similar stage of life or
production). Each group will need their DMD and DMI calculated separately. Some examples
of groups are:
•
•
•
Dairy groups
o Weaned dairy calves from the age of six months to 12 months.
o Bred dairy heifers or breeding age heifers
o Dry cows
o Lactating cows (high group and low group if ration is split)
Beef groups
o Cow/calf pairs
o Yearlings
o Finishing group
Sheep/Goats
o Pregnant Ewes/Does
o Nursing or Lactating Ewes/Does
o Finishing Lambs/Kids
Complete one DMI Calculation sheet for each class you identified in this step.
Step 2: Determine Dry Matter Demand for each group
Use Tables A and/or B on page 4 to figure out the DMD per animal, per day. These tables
predict DMD based on the current weight of the animal and/or how much milk they produce.
For example, if your large breed dairy herd is producing 45 pounds of milk/day/head, the
average DMD should be around 38 pounds.
To get the pounds of DMD for dry cows, for instance, take the weight of the animal and the
corresponding percentage from Table C and multiply:
1200 pounds x 1.8% (or 0.018) = 21.6 pounds DMD
If you or your nutritionist have alternative ways of estimating or calculating DMD, we will be
happy to review them and verify that they provide a reasonable estimate of animal needs.
Use the information obtained in Steps 1 and 2 to complete the first section of the OTCO Dry
Matter Intake Calculation Worksheet for Organic Ruminant Livestock. Use as many sheets
as needed so each class of ruminants over 6 months of age is reported.
3
Table A: Dry matter demand for dairy
cattle i
Estimated Dry Matter Demand (in
pounds) for Lactating Dairy Cows
Average
Small Breed Large Breed
Milk per
(<900-1200#
(1200Day (lbs.)
body
1400#+ body
weight)
weight)
DMD
DMD
10
21
27
15
23
28
20
25
30
25
27
31
30
30
33
35
32
34
40
34
36
45
36
38
50
38
40
55
40
42
60
42
44
65
44
46
70
46
48
75
48
50
80
50
52
85
55
Table B: Dry matter demand as percent of
body weight ii
Average Dry Matter Demand
as a Percentage of Body Weight
Dry Dairy Cows
1.8-2%
Bred Dairy Heifers
2.5-3%
Growing Dairy Heifers
2.5%
Beef Cattle
2.25-2.75%
Adult Sheep
3.65%
Growing Sheep
3.3%
Adult Goats
2-6%
Growing Goats
3.3%
*Actual requirements will vary depending on breed, productivity, and environment.
Step 3. Determine length of the grazing season and non-pasture feed during that period
The length of the grazing season will vary depending on local climate and on current weather
conditions. The grazing season as defined in the NOP standards is not the same as the growing
season. Although 120 days is the absolute minimum, OTCO expects that grazing seasons will
vary per geographical region. Grazing season is defined as “The period of time when pasture is
available for grazing, due to natural precipitation or irrigation. Grazing season dates may vary
because of mid-summer heat/humidity, significant precipitation events, floods, hurricanes,
droughts or winter weather events. Grazing season may be extended by the grazing of residual
forage as agreed in the operation's organic system plan. Due to weather, season, or climate, the
grazing season may or may not be continuous. Grazing season may range from 120 days to 365
days, but not less than 120 days per year." All ruminants are expected to be on pasture during
the duration of their respective grazing season. The grazing season does not have to be one
long period – for instance, an operation could graze from April 15th through July 1st, take a
break during the hottest and driest part of the year, and resume grazing from August 15th
through December 1st. See Figure 1 on the following page for an example of a grazing season.
4
During this established grazing season, producers are required to provide not more than an
average of 70% of a ruminant’s dry matter demand as non-pasture feed [NOP §205.237(c)(1)].
To calculate this in the next step, you must plan for (or look at past records to determine) how
much non-pasture feed will be provided to animals during the grazing season. This includes
everything that is not pasture: TMR, grain, hay, silage, etc. It is important to plan out how
much will be fed to each group and how often supplemental feed will change. For instance, if
your animals graze from April to November and you only feed a small amount of grain per
animal while milking, there is only one ration during the grazing season. However, if hay is
provided in periods when pastures are slow to recover, you need to estimate when this
supplemental feeding will happen and how much hay will be supplied. It is common that
rations change at least one or two times during the grazing season.
Record the date ranges and number of days for each ration fed on the OTCO DMI Calculation
Worksheet. You can use the Grazing Record on page 13 to visualize your grazing season. Then
make a list of each feedstuff fed during each set of ration dates during the grazing season.
Figure 1: Grazing Season Illustration iii
5
Step 4. Determine dry matter intake (DMI) from the types of feed fed
Now you will begin to use the information gathered in previous steps to calculate DMI. Using
the number of animals in each group (established in Step 1) and the total amount of each type of
feed that you give each group (established in Step 3), calculate how much feed of each type is
given to each animal each day for each ration used during the grazing season. This math can be
relatively simple; for instance, if you are feeding 240 pounds of corn to 40 animals each day,
then you are feeding 6 pounds of corn per day, per animal.
Once the amounts of individual feedstuffs are listed out, the dry matter content of each
feedstuff will be needed to determine DMI from non-pasture feed. Dry matter refers to feed
without the water. If you have forage tests, use the percent dry matter value from the results. If
you do not have a test, use Table C or similar published values to help you determine the
amount of DM available per type of feed. For example, if you are feeding haylage that is 65%
moisture, it has 35% dry matter. This means 1000 pounds of haylage sitting in the bunk is equal
to 650 pounds of water and 350 pounds of dry matter (the nutrient source).
When the DM fed in each ration is divided by the DMD, it gives you the percentage of dry
matter intake from non-pasture feed during that period. Over the course of the grazing season,
this must be less than 70%.
Record the feed types and amounts fed for each ration and the DM content of each feedstuff on
the OTCO DMI Calculation Worksheet. Multiply the percent dry matter by the weight of the
feedstuff and add the results to get the total DM fed in each ration. (You can divide DM fed for
the ration by DMI to get the percentage DMI from feed during that period.)
Table C: Dry matter content of common feeds iv
Feed Type
Average Percent Dry Matter
(%DM)*
85-90%
28-52%
24-54%
25-40%
65-78%
89%
Hay (dry, legume and/or grass)
Legume silage
Grass silage
Corn silage
High moisture corn
Grain
*Whenever possible, conduct a forage analysis to determine the actual dry matter content of
feedstuffs and use these actual dry matter values in your calculations rather than
reference/published values. This is especially significant for fresh and ensiled feeds, which
vary greatly in their dry matter content.
6
Step 5. Determine DMI from pasture
This calculation assumes that if you only provide a portion of the dry matter animals need and
they have access to adequate pasture, they will get the rest of what they need from grazing.
For example, if DMD is 38 pounds per day per cow; and dry matter fed from other feed sources
is 13.29 pounds per day per cow, you would follow the instructions in Steps 1-4 to get the
following:
38 pounds (DMD) – 13.29 pounds (DMI from other sources) = 24.71 pounds DMI from pasture
per cow per day.
Alternatively, you may determine the actual amount of intake from pasture through
paddock/field measurements or other methods. Talk with OTCO if you plan to use these
methods to ensure we are on the same page before the grazing season begins.
Take the total DMD (determined in Step 2) MINUS total pounds of DM fed (determined in Step
4) to get pounds of DM from pasture. This formula is located below the feed information in each
ration cell. Plug in the numbers that were figured in previous steps.
Step 6. Calculate the percent DMI from pasture
To calculate the percent of dry matter from pasture, divide the pounds of DM from pasture (from
Step 5) by the total dry matter demand (from Step 2), then multiply by 100 to get a percentage.
So, if your large-breed lactating cows (with a DMD of 38 pounds/day) got 24.71 pounds DMI
from pasture, your calculation would look like this:
24.71 pounds ÷ 38 pounds = 0.65 x 100 = 65% DMI from pasture
Step 7. Average the DMI from pasture over the entire grazing season
If you feed only one ration during the entire grazing season you only need to do one DMI
calculation for each group of animals. If you adjust the amounts and types of feed fed from
sources other than grazed pasture forage several times during the grazing season (as
determined in Step 3) then you will need to make several calculations of percent DMI from
pasture during the grazing season and these values will need to be averaged to get a value that
reflects the entire grazing season. This average needs to be weighted so that rations fed for a
longer period contribute more to the final number than rations fed for only a short time.
7
This final number establishes whether the grazing and feeding plans will provide enough DMI
from pasture during the grazing season. It must be above 30% to be compliant with NOP
standards.
For each ration: multiply the days in each ration (from Step 3) by the percent DMI from pasture
for that ration (from Step 6) - this can be done with the last formula in each ration box on the
worksheet. Then, using the formula at the bottom of the worksheet, add the resulting weighted
ration values and divide the result by the total number of grazing days established in Step 3.
Conclusion
We hope these steps will help to demystify DMI calculations and demonstrate that the process
isn’t as daunting as it may seem at first. In most cases, once an operation completes a set of
calculations and establishes a system for tracking changes through the grazing season,
demonstrating compliance with the grazing requirements for ruminants shouldn’t take too
much time or effort. Please contact OTCO with any questions you have about calculating DMI,
creating a tracking system, or documents that we verify in your OSP and during your annual
inspection. Our Certification Officers can help you understand the standards and forms.
Feel free to reach out to your Certification Services Delivery Team if you have any questions
or concerns.
8
EXAMPLE:
OTCO Dry Matter Intake Calculation Worksheet for Organic Ruminant Livestock
Operation Name:
Organic Dairy Farm
Class of Animal/Stage of Production:
Dry Matter Demand (DMD) (lbs.):
Certification #:
Lactating Cattle
38
RATION 1
Number of Animals in Group:
Source of DMD:
to
40
Other
NRC/NOP Table
4/25
Dates this Ration is Fed: from
5555
= # of Days [A]
6/1
Feed Type (do not list pasture)
Amount Fed Per Animal (lbs.)
Corn (grain)
6
x
0.89
=
5.34
Haylage
10
x
0.35
=
3.50
Barley (grain)
5
x
0.89
=
4.45
=
0.00
38
DMD (lbs.)
-
13.29
Total DM Fed (lbs.)
=
x
24.71
DMI from Pasture (lbs.)
37 x
# of Days in this Ration [A]
DM Content
RATION 2
Dates this Ration is Fed: from
÷
38.00 =
DMD (lbs.)
0.6503 x 100 =
[a]
DMI from this Ration [a]
6/2
65.03%
to
=
65.03%
DMI from Pasture %
Ration Value [1]
= # of Days [B]
9/15
Feed Type (do not list pasture)
Amount Fed Per Animal (lbs.)
DM Content
Hay
10
x
0.9
=
9.00
Silage
5
x
0.25
=
1.25
=
0.00
=
0.00
x
38
DMD (lbs.)
-
10.25
Total DM Fed (lbs.)
=
x
27.75
DMI from Pasture (lbs.)
105 x
# of Days in this Ration [B]
RATION 3
Dates this Ration is Fed: from
÷
38.00 =
DMD (lbs.)
DMI from this Ration [b]
9/16
to
=
Ration Value [2]
Feed Type (do not list pasture)
Amount Fed Per Animal (lbs.)
Hay
10
x
0.9
=
9.00
Soybean Meal
5
x
0.87
=
4.35
=
0.00
=
0.00
38
DMD (lbs.)
-
13.35
Total DM Fed (lbs.)
# of Days in this Ration [C]
=
DM Content
x
24.65
DMI from Pasture (lbs.)
65 x
÷
38.00 =
DMD (lbs.)
DMI from this Ration [c]
207 [Z]
(Y) ÷ (Z) =
=
Total Ration Value ([1]+[2]+[3]) =
69.03%
9
65
64.87%
DMI from Pasture %
Ration Value [3]
Calculating Average Dry Matter Intake from Pasture Over Entire Grazing Season
Total Days in Grazing Season ([A]+[B]+[C]) =
76.68
DM Fed (lbs.)
0.6487 x 100 =
[c]
64.87%
105
73.03%
DMI from Pasture %
= # of Days [C]
11/20
x
24.06
DM Fed (lbs.)
0.7303 x 100 =
[b]
73.03%
37
DM Fed (lbs.)
142.90 [Y]
Average % DMI from Pasture
for the grazing season
42.16
OTCO Dry Matter Intake Calculation Worksheet for Organic Ruminant Livestock
Operation Name:
Certification #:
Number of Animals in Group:
Class of Animal/Stage of Production:
Dry Matter Demand (DMD) (lbs.):
Source of DMD:
RATION 1
Dates this Ration is Fed: from
Feed Type (do not list pasture)
DMD (lbs.)
-
Amount Fed Per Animal (lbs.)
=
DM Content
DMI from Pasture (lbs.)
x
# of Days in this Ration [A]
=
x
=
x
=
x
=
÷
Amount Fed Per Animal (lbs.)
=
x 100 =
=
x
x
=
x
=
x
=
÷
DMD (lbs.)
=
[b]
x 100 =
=
DMI from this Ration [b]
Amount Fed Per Animal (lbs.)
x
Ration Value [2]
DM Content
DMI from Pasture (lbs.)
# of Days in this Ration [C]
DMI from Pasture %
= # of Days [C]
to
=
Ration Value [1]
DM Fed (lbs.)
=
Dates this Ration is Fed: from
Total DM Fed (lbs.)
DMI from Pasture %
= # of Days [B]
x
RATION 3
-
[a]
DM Content
DMI from Pasture (lbs.)
# of Days in this Ration [B]
DMD (lbs.)
=
to
Total DM Fed (lbs.)
Feed Type (do not list pasture)
DMD (lbs.)
DMI from this Ration [a]
Dates this Ration is Fed: from
-
DM Fed (lbs.)
x
RATION 2
DMD (lbs.)
= # of Days [A]
to
Total DM Fed (lbs.)
Feed Type (do not list pasture)
Other:
OTCO Tables
DM Fed (lbs.)
x
=
x
=
x
=
x
=
÷
DMI from this Ration [c]
DMD (lbs.)
=
[c]
x 100 =
=
DMI from Pasture %
Ration Value [3]
Calculating Average Dry Matter Intake from Pasture Over Entire Grazing Season
Total Days in Grazing Season ([A]+[B]+[C]) =
[Z]
Total Ration Value ([1]+[2]+[3]) =
[Y]
Average % DMI from Pasture
for the grazing season
(Y) ÷ (Z) =
10
OTCO Dry Matter Intake Calculation Worksheet for Organic Ruminant Livestock
Operation Name:
Certification #:
Number of Animals in Group:
Class of Animal/Stage of Production:
Dry Matter Demand (DMD) (lbs.):
Source of DMD:
RATION 1
Dates this Ration is Fed: from
Feed Type (do not list pasture)
DMD (lbs.)
-
Amount Fed Per Animal (lbs.)
=
DM Content
DMI from Pasture (lbs.)
x
# of Days in this Ration [A]
=
x
=
x
=
x
=
÷
Amount Fed Per Animal (lbs.)
=
x 100 =
=
x
x
=
x
=
x
=
÷
DMD (lbs.)
=
[b]
x 100 =
=
DMI from this Ration [b]
Amount Fed Per Animal (lbs.)
x
Ration Value [2]
DM Content
DMI from Pasture (lbs.)
# of Days in this Ration [C]
DMI from Pasture %
= # of Days [C]
to
=
Ration Value [1]
DM Fed (lbs.)
=
Dates this Ration is Fed: from
Total DM Fed (lbs.)
DMI from Pasture %
= # of Days [B]
x
RATION 3
-
[a]
DM Content
DMI from Pasture (lbs.)
# of Days in this Ration [B]
DMD (lbs.)
=
to
Total DM Fed (lbs.)
Feed Type (do not list pasture)
DMD (lbs.)
DMI from this Ration [a]
Dates this Ration is Fed: from
-
DM Fed (lbs.)
x
RATION 2
DMD (lbs.)
= # of Days [A]
to
Total DM Fed (lbs.)
Feed Type (do not list pasture)
Other:
OTCO Tables
DM Fed (lbs.)
x
=
x
=
x
=
x
=
÷
DMI from this Ration [c]
DMD (lbs.)
=
[c]
x 100 =
=
DMI from Pasture %
Ration Value [3]
Calculating Average Dry Matter Intake from Pasture Over Entire Grazing Season
Total Days in Grazing Season ([A]+[B]+[C]) =
[Z]
Total Ration Value ([1]+[2]+[3]) =
[Y]
Average % DMI from Pasture
for the grazing season
(Y) ÷ (Z) =
11
OTCO Dry Matter Intake Calculation Worksheet for Organic Ruminant Livestock
Operation Name:
Certification #:
Number of Animals in Group:
Class of Animal/Stage of Production:
Dry Matter Demand (DMD) (lbs.):
Source of DMD:
RATION 1
Dates this Ration is Fed: from
Feed Type (do not list pasture)
DMD (lbs.)
-
Amount Fed Per Animal (lbs.)
=
DM Content
DMI from Pasture (lbs.)
x
# of Days in this Ration [A]
=
x
=
x
=
x
=
÷
Amount Fed Per Animal (lbs.)
=
x 100 =
=
x
x
=
x
=
x
=
÷
DMD (lbs.)
=
[b]
x 100 =
=
DMI from this Ration [b]
Amount Fed Per Animal (lbs.)
x
Ration Value [2]
DM Content
DMI from Pasture (lbs.)
# of Days in this Ration [C]
DMI from Pasture %
= # of Days [C]
to
=
Ration Value [1]
DM Fed (lbs.)
=
Dates this Ration is Fed: from
Total DM Fed (lbs.)
DMI from Pasture %
= # of Days [B]
x
RATION 3
-
[a]
DM Content
DMI from Pasture (lbs.)
# of Days in this Ration [B]
DMD (lbs.)
=
to
Total DM Fed (lbs.)
Feed Type (do not list pasture)
DMD (lbs.)
DMI from this Ration [a]
Dates this Ration is Fed: from
-
DM Fed (lbs.)
x
RATION 2
DMD (lbs.)
= # of Days [A]
to
Total DM Fed (lbs.)
Feed Type (do not list pasture)
Other:
OTCO Tables
DM Fed (lbs.)
x
=
x
=
x
=
x
=
÷
DMI from this Ration [c]
DMD (lbs.)
=
[c]
x 100 =
=
DMI from Pasture %
Ration Value [3]
Calculating Average Dry Matter Intake from Pasture Over Entire Grazing Season
Total Days in Grazing Season ([A]+[B]+[C]) =
[Z]
Total Ration Value ([1]+[2]+[3]) =
[Y]
Average % DMI from Pasture
for the grazing season
(Y) ÷ (Z) =
12
13
Resources
We were inspired by Harriet Behar’s article 10 Steps to Calculate Dry Matter Intake
from Pasture---It’s Not So Difficult!, which we viewed on the website of the Northeast Organic
Dairy Producers Alliance at the following address:
https://nodpa.com/n/480/10-Steps-to-Calculate-Dry-Matter-Intake-from-Pasture-Its-Not-So-Difficult
Specific sources of data used in this document are detailed below.
Estimates taken from Table 14-2 and Table 14-5 of the Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle: Seventh Edition,
2001, by Subcommittee of Dairy Cattle Nutrition, Committee on Animal Nutrition, National Research Council, 2001,
Washington D.C.: National Academies Press. Copyright 2001 by National Academies of Sciences.
ii
Adapted from: Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle: Seventh Edition, 2001; Nutrient Requirements of Beef
Cattle, Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service, Division of Agricultural Sciences
and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University; Nutrient Requirements of Small Ruminants. National Research
Council, 2007.
iii
USDA AMS National Organic Program Online Training: “National Organic Program – Access to Pasture (Livestock)”
slides issued 3/26/2010.
iv
NRC, 2001. Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle. 7th Revised Edition, Subcommittee on Dairy Cattle Nutrition,
Committee on Animal Nutrition, Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Research Council, National
Academy Press, Washington, D.C.; Dairy One Feed Composition Libraries
i
14